Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
General: Isolated VSD's are the most common (~40%) form of congenital heart disease, while atrial septal defects are less common (~10%). Most (85~90%) close spontaneously by 1 year of age. Those that are particularly large or associated with other anomalies may require early surgical intervention. May be associated with shunting, classified as left-to-right (VSD, ASD, and patent ductus arteriosus) or right-to-left (tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and tricuspid atresia).
Gross: Typical VSD's are located superiorly (membranous) and small ones may be obscured by valve leaflets. They may extend towards the apex, and very rarely may be centered near the apex.
Microscopic:
Differential Diagnosis:
Stains:
- Positive:
- Negative:
- Suggested, focused panel:
(Lefkowitch: AP Board Review)
Images:
Cases:
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